Product Description
Pin as a positioning, locking, security and other fasteners are widely used in various industries, such as machinery, mold, electronic products, etc.. The company also produces internal thread cylindrical pin, the material has copper and stainless steel or follow clients’ requirements.
Lathe Machining Machining Parts Lathe Machined CNC Parts
Brand | HangZhou | Model | CC-568A |
Category | Shoulder PIN screws | Head type | Cylindrical head |
Slot Type | Round | nominal diameter | 30 mm |
Material | Steel Aluminum Alloy | Application Scope | Fasteners for machinery industry |
Surface treatment | Galvanized | Thread Tolerance | 6G |
Customization | Yes | Type | Non-standard |
Our company has a strong production capacity,we sale professional fastener and fittings.Our products meets the international quality system,such as ANSI and BS. We provide the high quality and professional fastener for construction steel, car, machinery and equipment, energy,furniture, ship, railway and so on. In the whole production process, We have professional engineers to monitor the quality,we can guarantee the quality of our product.We are committed to continuously improvement and innovation, to meet customer requirements, And work closely with our partners to provide qualified parts, competitive prices and best service to every customer. We would like to thank you for your interest in our company and hope that our website will help you. If you need more information, please contact our sales department.
Screw,bolt,nut,manufacturer/supplier in china,offering carbon steel hexagonal head combined assembly screws for fan parts,Non-standard slotted fillster screw for building,non-standard slotted fillster screw and so on.
If you are interested in any of our products, please free feel to contact us. More information of our products will be forwarded to you upon receipt of your specific inquiry.
Screw international standard | ||||
ITEM | DIN-STHangZhouRD | ISO-STHangZhouRD | GB-STHangZhouRD | DESCRIPTION IN ENGLISH |
1 | DIN1 | ISO2339 | GB117 | taper pins |
2 | DIN7 | ISO2338 | GB119-86 | parallel pins |
3 | DIN84 | ISO1207 | GB65-85 | slotted cheese head screws |
4 | DIN85 | ISO1580 | GB67-85 | slotted pan head screws |
5 | DIN93 | GB854 | tab washers | |
6 | DIN94 | ISO1234 | GB91 | split cotter pins |
7 | DIN95 | GB101 | slotted raised csk head wood screws | |
8 | DIN96 | GB99 | slotted round head wood screws | |
9 | DIN97 | GB100 | slotted countersunk head wood screws | |
10 | DIN125-A | ISO708 | GB97.1-85 | plain washers |
11 | DIN125-B | ISO7090 | GB97.2-85 | mediun washers |
12 | DIN126 | ISO7091 | plain washers | |
13 | DIN127-A | GB7244 | spring lock washers,tang ends | |
14 | DIN127-B | GB93-87 | spring lock washers,square ends | |
15 | DIN128-A | GB7245-87 | single coil spring lock washers | |
16 | DIN137-A | curved spring washers | ||
17 | DIN137-B | GB955 | wave spring washers | |
18 | DIN186 | GB37-88 | t-head bolts with square neck | |
19 | DIN188 | t-head bols with double nip | ||
20 | DIN258 | ISO8737 | taper pins with threaded end | |
21 | DIN261 | t-head bolts | ||
22 | DIN315AF | wing nuts amercia form | ||
23 | DIN315DF | GB62-88 | wing nuts germany form | |
24 | DIN316AF | wing screws amercia form | ||
25 | DIN317DF | wing screws germany form | ||
26 | DIN3179 | ball knobs | ||
27 | DIN404 | GB832-88 | slotted capstan screws | |
28 | DIN417 | ISO7435 | GB75-85 | soltted set screws with full dog point |
29 | DIN427 | ISO2342 | GB73-85 | slotted set screws with chamfered end |
30 | DIN431 | GB808-88 | pipe nuts with thread | |
31 | DIN432 | GB856-88 | external tap | |
32 | DIN433 | ISO7092 | GB848-95 | washers for cheese head screws |
33 | DIN434 | GB852-88 | square taper washers for u-sections | |
34 | DIN435 | GB852-88 | square taper washers for i-sections | |
35 | DIN436 | square washers | ||
36 | DIN438 | ISO7436 | GB74-85 | soltted set with cup point |
37 | DIN439 | ISO4035 | GB6172-86 | hexagon thin nuts |
38 | DIN439 | ISO8675 | GB6173-86 | hexagon thin nuts |
39 | DIN440 | ISO7094 | rounds washers for wood constructions | |
40 | DIN443 | sealing cap, push-in type | ||
41 | DIN444 | GB798-88 | eye bolts form | |
42 | DIN462 | internal tab washers | ||
43 | DIN463 | GB855-88 | washers with two taps | |
44 | DIN464 | GB834-88 | knurled thumb screws with collar | |
45 | DIN465 | slotted knurled thumb screws with collar | ||
46 | DIN466 | GB806-88 | knurled thumb nuts with collar | |
47 | DIN467 | GB807-88 | knurled thumb thin nuts | |
48 | DIN470 | sealing washers | ||
49 | DIN471 | GB894.1-86 | retaining rings for shafts(external),circlips | |
50 | DIN472 | GB893.1-86 | retaining rings for bores(internal),circlips | |
51 | DIN478 | square head bolts with collar | ||
52 | DIN479 | square hea bolts with half dog point | ||
53 | DIN480 | square head bolts with collar,half dog point and rounded end | ||
54 | DIN508 | t-slot nutsiso299 | ||
55 | DIN525 | single end studs | ||
56 | DIN529 | GB799-88 | masonry bolts | |
57 | DIN546 | GB817-76 | slotted round nuts | |
58 | DIN547 | GB815-88 | round nuts with drilled holes in one face | |
59 | DIN551 | ISO4776 | GB73-85 | slotted sit screws with flat point |
60 | DIN553 | ISO7434 | GB71-85 | slotted set screws with cone point |
61 | DIN555 | ISO4034 | hexagon nuts | |
62 | DIN557 | GB39-88 | -csquare nuts | |
63 | DIN558 | ISO4018 | hexagon screws | |
64 | DIN561 | hexagon set screws with full dog point | ||
65 | DIN52 | bsquare nuts without bevel(pressed nuts) | ||
66 | DIN571 | GB102-86 | hexagon head wood screws (coach screws) | |
67 | DIN580 | ISO3266 | GB825-76 | lifting eye bolts |
68 | DIN582 | lifting eye nuts | ||
69 | DIN601 | ISO4016 | hexagon bolts | |
70 | DIN603 | ISO8677 | GB14-88 | mushroom head square neck bolts (carriage bolts) |
71 | DIN604 | flat countersunk nib bolts | ||
72 | DIN605 | flat countersunk long square neck bolts | ||
73 | DIN607 | cup head nib bolts | ||
74 | DIN607 | flat countersunk shout square neck bolts | ||
75 | DIN609 | hexagon fitted bolts,long thread | ||
76 | DIN610 | hexagon fitted bolts,short thread | ||
77 | DIN653 | GB835-88 | knurled thumb screws thin type | |
78 | DIN660 | ISO1051 | GB867-86 | round head rivets |
79 | DIN661 | ISO1051 | GB869-86 | contersunk head rivets |
80 | DIN662 | ISO1051 | raised contersunk head rivets | |
81 | DIN674 | ISO1051 | mushroom head rivets | |
82 | DIN703 | adjusting rings,heavy range (shafting collars) | ||
83 | DIN705 | GB816-88 | adjusting rings,light range(shafting collars) | |
84 | DIN741 | wire rope clips | ||
85 | DIN787T | ISO299 | t-slot screws | |
86 | DIN835 | GB900-88 | studs-metal(end=2d) | |
87 | DIN906 | hexagon socket pipe plugs,conical thread | ||
88 | DIN908 | hexagon socket screw plugs,cyl.thread | ||
89 | DIN909 | hexagon head pipe plugs,conical thread | ||
90 | DIN910 | hexagon head screw plugs,cyl.thread | ||
91 | DIN911 | ISO2936 | socket wrenches | |
92 | DIN912 | ISO4762 | GB70-85 | hexagon socket cap screws |
93 | DIN913 | ISO4026 | GB77-85 | hexagon socket set screws with flat piont |
94 | DIN914 | ISO4571 | GB78-85 | hexagon socket set screws with cone point |
95 | DIN915 | ISO4571 | GB79-85 | hexagon socket set screws with dog point |
96 | DIN916 | ISO4571 | GB80-85 | hexagon socket set screws with cup point |
97 | DIN917 | hexagon cap nuts | ||
98 | DIN920 | slotted short cheese head screws | ||
99 | DIN921 | GB838-88 | slotted large cheese head screws | |
100 | DIN923 | GB830-88 | slotted pan head screws with shoulder | |
101 | DIN927 | slotted shoulder screws | ||
102 | DIN928 | GB/T13680-92 | square weld nuts | |
103 | DIN929 | GB/T13681-92 | hexagon weld nuts | |
104 | DIN931 | ISO4014 | GB5782-86 | hexagon head screws |
105 | DIN933 | ISO4017 | GB5783-86 | hexagon head screws |
106 | DIN934 | ISO4032 | GB6170-86 | hexagon full nuts |
107 | DIN934 | ISO8673 | GB6171-86 | hexagon full nuts |
108 | DIN935 | ISO7035 | GB6178-86 | hexagon slotted and castle nuts |
109 | DIN936 | ISO4035 | GB6172.1-86 | hexagon thin nuts |
110 | DIN937 | ISO7038 | GB6181-86 | hexagon thin slotted and castle nuts |
111 | DIN938 | GB897-88 | studs metal(edn=1d) | |
112 | DIN939 | GB898-88 | studs metal (end=1.25d) | |
113 | DIN940 | studs metal (end=1.5d) | ||
114 | DIN960 | ISO8765 | GB5785-86 | hexagon head bolts,metric fine pitch thread |
115 | DIN961 | ISO8676 | GB5786-86 | hexagon head bolts ,metric fine pitch thread |
116 | DIN962 | additional shapes and versions for bolts | ||
117 | DIN963 | ISO2009 | GB68-85 | slotted countersunk head screws |
118 | DIN964 | ISO2571 | GB69-85 | slotted raised countersunk oval head screws |
119 | DIN965 | ISO7046 | GB819-85 | cross recessed countersunk head screws |
120 | DIN966 | ISO7047 | GB820-85 | cross recessed raised countersunk head screws |
121 | DIN970 | hexagon nuts type-1 | ||
122 | DIN971 | hexagon nuts type-2 | ||
123 | DIN972 | ISO8674 | GB6176-86 | hexagon nuts with fine thread |
124 | DIN975 | GB15389-94 | threaded rods(studdings_ | |
125 | DIN976 | threaded pins(stud bolts) | ||
126 | DIN979 | hexagono thin slotted and castle nuts | ||
127 | DIN980 | ISO7199 | GB6184-86 | prevailling torque type hexagon nuts,all metall nuts |
128 | DIN981 | ISO2982 | GB812-88 | locknuts |
129 | DIN982 | ISO7040 | GB889.1-86 | prevailling torque type hexagon nuts,heavy type,with nylon insert |
130 | DIN985 | ISO1571 | GB6172.2-86 | prevailling torque type hexagon nuts,heavy type,with nyllon insert |
131 | DIN986 | prevailling torque typedomed capnuts with nylong insert | ||
132 | DIN988 | shim rings | ||
133 | DIN1052 | washers for timber connectors | ||
134 | DIN1151 | round plain head nails | ||
135 | DIN1440 | ISO8738 | plain washers for clevis pins(a) | |
136 | DIN1441 | plain washers for clevis pins | ||
137 | DIN1444 | ISO2341 | clevis pins with head | |
138 | DIN1471 | ISO8744 | GB/T13829.2 | grooved pins,taper grooved |
139 | DIN1472 | ISO8745 | GB/T13829.2 | grooved pins,taper grooved half length |
140 | DIN1473 | ISO8740 | grooved pins,parallel grooved full length | |
141 | DIN1474 | ISO8741 | grooved pins,reserve grooved half length | |
142 | DIN1475 | ISO8742 | grooved pins,centre grooved | |
143 | DIN1476 | ISO8746 | GB/T13829.3 | grooved pins with round head |
144 | DIN1477 | ISO8747 | grooved pins with countersunk head | |
145 | DIN1479 | turnuckles(centre parts),made out of hexagon bar | ||
146 | DIN1480 | turnuckles with eye bolt and hook bolt | ||
147 | DIN1481 | ISO8752 | GB879-86 | spring pins,heavy type |
148 | DIN1587 | GB802-88 | hexagon domed cap nuts | |
149 | DIN1804 | slotted round nuts for hook spanner | ||
150 | DIN1816 | round nuts with set holes | ||
151 | DIN2093 | disc springs | ||
152 | DIN3017 | hose clamps | ||
153 | DIN3404 | lubricating nipples,button head | ||
154 | DIN3567 | shackles for conduilts | ||
155 | DIN3570 | stirrup bolts(u-bolts) | ||
156 | DIN6319 | GB849-88 | spherical washers,conical seats | |
157 | DIN6325 | ISO8734 | parallel pins | |
158 | DIN6330 | GB56-88 | hexagon nuts,1.5d | |
159 | DIN6331 | GB6177-86 | hexagon nuts ,1.5d with collor | |
160 | DIN6334 | hexagon nuts,3d | ||
161 | DIN6797-a | GB862.1-87 | external teeth lock washers | |
162 | DIN6797-I | GB861.1-87 | internal teeth lock washers | |
163 | DIN6798-A | GB862.2-87 | external teeth serrated lock washers | |
164 | DIN6798-I | GB861.2-87 | internal teeth serrated lock washers | |
165 | DIN6799 | GB896-76 | retaining rings for shafts(e-rings),circlips | |
166 | DIN6885 | ISO773/2491 | parallel keys(forma) | |
167 | DIN6888 | ISO3912 | woodruff deys | |
168 | DIN6899 | thimbles | ||
169 | DIN6900 | GB9074.1-.17 | screws and washers assemblies | |
170 | DIN6901 | GB9074.18-.23 | tapping screws and washers assemblies | |
171 | DIN6912 | hexagon socket head cap screws with hole,low head | ||
172 | DIN6914 | hexagon head bolts with large head(friction grip bolts) | ||
173 | DIN6915 | hexagon nuts with large wideth across flat(friction grip nuts) | ||
174 | DIN6916 | round washers for friction grip bolts | ||
175 | DIN6917 | spuare taper washers for friction grip bolts on t-sections | ||
176 | DIN6923 | ISO4161 | GB6177-86 | hexagon flange nuts |
177 | DIN6925 | ISO7042 | GB6185.1-2000 | prevailing touque type hexagon nuts,all metallic nuts |
178 | DIN7337 | GB12617/12618 | blind rivets | |
179 | DIN7338 | GB875/975-86 | rivets for brake and clutch lining | |
180 | DIN7343 | ISO8750 | spiral pins | |
181 | DIN7346 | ISO13337 | spring pins,light type | |
182 | DIN7349 | washers for bolts with heavy type spring pins | ||
183 | DIN7500 | thread forming screws for iso-metric thread | ||
184 | DIN7504 | self-drilling tapping screws | ||
185 | DIN7513 | thread cutting screws | ||
186 | DIN7516 | thread cutting screws cross recess | ||
187 | DIN7965 | tee nuts with pronge | ||
188 | DIN7968 | GB1228/1229/1230 | hexagon head fitted bolts for steel structures | |
189 | DIN7971 | ISO1481 | GB5282-85 | pan head tapping screws with slot |
190 | DIN7972 | ISO1482 | GB5283-85 | countersunk flat head tapping screws with slot |
191 | DIN7973 | ISO1483 | GB5284-85 | raised countersunk oval head tapping screws with slot |
192 | DIN7976 | ISO1479 | GB5285-85 | hexagon tapping screws |
193 | DIN7980 | ISO8738 | spring lock washers for screws with cylindrical heads | |
194 | DIN7981 | ISO7049 | GB845-85 | pan head tapping screws with cross recessed |
195 | DIN7982 | ISO7050 | GB846-85 | countersunk flat head tapping screws with cross recessed |
196 | DIN7983 | ISO7051 | GB847-86 | raised countersunk oval head tapping screws with cross recessed |
197 | DIN7984 | hexagon scocket head cap screws with,reduced head | ||
198 | DIN7985 | ISO7045 | GB818-85 | pan head screws with cross recessed |
199 | DIN7989 | GB1230-84 | washers for steel structures | |
200 | DIN7990 | GB1229-84 | hexagon head bolts for steel structures | |
201 | DIN7991 | ISO10642 | hexagon socket countersunk head screws | |
202 | DIN7993 | GB895.2-86 | roundwire snap rings for shafts | |
203 | DIN7995 | BG952-86 | cross recessed raised countersunk head wood screws | |
204 | DIN7996 | BG950-86 | cross recessed round head wood screws | |
205 | DIN7997 | GB951-86 | cross recessed countersunk head wood screws | |
206 | DIN8140 | ciol inserts,coarse,fine thread,silf locking | ||
207 | DIN9571 | ISO7093 | GB96-85 | washers,outside diameter appro.3d |
208 | DIN11571 | spring cotter for a bolt | ||
209 | DIN13257 | belting bolts (elevator bolts) | ||
210 | DIN18182 | dry wall screws | ||
211 | DIN28129 | GB63-88 | lifting nuts(eye nuts) | |
212 | DIN7 0571 | GB858-88 | tab washers for slotted round nuts |
FAQ:
1) Q:What’s your product range?
A: Our product range includes screws, nuts, knobs, bolts, washers, rivet, anchor and CNC parts. We strictly implement various quality standards like GB, ISO, DIN, JIS, AISI NFE and BSW.Non-standard products also accepted.
2)Q:Are you a Trading company or a Manufacturer?
A: We are an Industry&Trade Company .
3) Q:Why should I choose you? What’s your advantages? Industries you are serving?
A: We are a professional manufacturer and have 9 years production and management experience in the field of fasteners .
We can provide our customers with a good solution in the area of production design, production process,packaging and after-sale service.Customer satisfaction is our sole pursuit.
4) Q:Which industry field are your product is suitable used in ?
A:Our products are widely use in machine assembling, electronics, constructional engineering furniture cabinets, etc.
Customer Service
· 1. Well trained and experienced staffs at your service.
· 2. Short lead time.
· 3. International standard matched
· 4. Non-standard / standard / OEM / ODM / customized service provided.
· 5. Small Quantity available.
· 6. Designed in accordance with customers’ request.
· 7. Packed and delivered by customers’ requirement.
Any more questions or demands, pls feel free to contact me!
Screw Sizes and Their Uses
Screws have different sizes and features. This article will discuss screw sizes and their uses. There are 2 main types: right-handed and left-handed screw shafts. Each screw features a point that drills into the object. Flat tipped screws, on the other hand, need a pre-drilled hole. These screw sizes are determined by the major and minor diameters. To determine which size of screw you need, measure the diameter of the hole and the screw bolt’s thread depth.
The major diameter of a screw shaft
The major diameter of a screw shaft is the distance from the outer edge of the thread on 1 side to the tip of the other. The minor diameter is the inner smooth part of the screw shaft. The major diameter of a screw is typically between 2 and 16 inches. A screw with a pointy tip has a smaller major diameter than 1 without. In addition, a screw with a larger major diameter will have a wider head and drive.
The thread of a screw is usually characterized by its pitch and angle of engagement. The pitch is the angle formed by the helix of a thread, while the crest forms the surface of the thread corresponding to the major diameter of the screw. The pitch angle is the angle between the gear axis and the pitch surface. Screws without self-locking threads have multiple starts, or helical threads.
The pitch is a crucial component of a screw’s threading system. Pitch is the distance from a given thread point to the corresponding point of the next thread on the same shaft. The pitch line is 1 element of pitch diameter. The pitch line, or lead, is a crucial dimension for the thread of a screw, as it controls the amount of thread that will advance during a single turn.
The pitch diameter of a screw shaft
When choosing the appropriate screw, it is important to know its pitch diameter and pitch line. The pitch line designates the distance between adjacent thread sides. The pitch diameter is also known as the mean area of the screw shaft. Both of these dimensions are important when choosing the correct screw. A screw with a pitch of 1/8 will have a mechanical advantage of 6.3. For more information, consult an application engineer at Roton.
The pitch diameter of a screw shaft is measured as the distance between the crest and the root of the thread. Threads that are too long or too short will not fit together in an assembly. To measure pitch, use a measuring tool with a metric scale. If the pitch is too small, it will cause the screw to loosen or get stuck. Increasing the pitch will prevent this problem. As a result, screw diameter is critical.
The pitch diameter of a screw shaft is measured from the crest of 1 thread to the corresponding point on the next thread. Measurement is made from 1 thread to another, which is then measured using the pitch. Alternatively, the pitch diameter can be approximated by averaging the major and minor diameters. In most cases, the pitch diameter of a screw shaft is equal to the difference between the two.
The thread depth of a screw shaft
Often referred to as the major diameter, the thread depth is the outermost diameter of the screw. To measure the thread depth of a screw, use a steel rule, micrometer, or caliper. In general, the first number in the thread designation indicates the major diameter of the thread. If a section of the screw is worn, the thread depth will be smaller, and vice versa. Therefore, it is good practice to measure the section of the screw that receives the least amount of use.
In screw manufacturing, the thread depth is measured from the crest of the screw to the root. The pitch diameter is halfway between the major and minor diameters. The lead diameter represents the amount of linear distance traveled in 1 revolution. As the lead increases, the load capacity decreases. This measurement is primarily used in the construction of screws. However, it should not be used for precision machines. The thread depth of a screw shaft is essential for achieving accurate screw installation.
To measure the thread depth of a screw shaft, the manufacturer must first determine how much material the thread is exposed to. If the thread is exposed to side loads, it can cause the nut to wedge. Because the nut will be side loaded, its thread flanks will contact the nut. The less clearance between the nut and the screw, the lower the clearance between the nut and the screw. However, if the thread is centralized, there is no risk of the nut wedgeing.
The lead of a screw shaft
Pitch and lead are 2 measurements of a screw’s linear distance per turn. They’re often used interchangeably, but their definitions are not the same. The difference between them lies in the axial distance between adjacent threads. For single-start screws, the pitch is equal to the lead, while the lead of a multi-start screw is greater than the pitch. This difference is often referred to as backlash.
There are 2 ways to calculate the pitch and lead of a screw. For single-start screws, the lead and pitch are equal. Multiple-start screws, on the other hand, have multiple starts. The pitch of a multiple-start screw is the same as its lead, but with 2 or more threads running the length of the screw shaft. A square-thread screw is a better choice in applications requiring high load-bearing capacity and minimal friction losses.
The PV curve defines the safe operating limits of lead screw assemblies. It describes the inverse relationship between contact surface pressure and sliding velocity. As the load increases, the lead screw assembly must slow down in order to prevent irreversible damage from frictional heat. Furthermore, a lead screw assembly with a polymer nut must reduce rpm as the load increases. The more speed, the lower the load capacity. But, the PV factor must be below the maximum allowed value of the material used to make the screw shaft.
The thread angle of a screw shaft
The angle between the axes of a thread and the helix of a thread is called the thread angle. A unified thread has a 60-degree angle in all directions. Screws can have either a tapped hole or a captive screw. The screw pitch is measured in millimeters (mm) and is usually equal to the screw major diameter. In most cases, the thread angle will be equal to 60-degrees.
Screws with different angles have various degrees of thread. Originally, this was a problem because of the inconsistency in the threading. However, Sellers’s thread was easier to manufacture and was soon adopted as a standard throughout the United States. The United States government began to adopt this thread standard in the mid-1800s, and several influential corporations in the railroad industry endorsed it. The resulting standard is called the United States Standard thread, and it became part of the ASA’s Vol. 1 publication.
There are 2 types of screw threads: coarse and fine. The latter is easier to tighten and achieves tension at lower torques. On the other hand, the coarse thread is deeper than the fine one, making it easier to apply torque to the screw. The thread angle of a screw shaft will vary from bolt to bolt, but they will both fit in the same screw. This makes it easier to select the correct screw.
The tapped hole (or nut) into which the screw fits
A screw can be re-threaded without having to replace it altogether. The process is different than that of a standard bolt, because it requires threading and tapping. The size of a screw is typically specified by its major and minor diameters, which is the inside distance between threads. The thread pitch, which is the distance between each thread, is also specified. Thread pitch is often expressed in threads per inch.
Screws and bolts have different thread pitches. A coarse thread has fewer threads per inch and a longer distance between threads. It is therefore larger in diameter and longer than the material it is screwed into. A coarse thread is often designated with an “A” or “B” letter. The latter is generally used in smaller-scale metalworking applications. The class of threading is called a “threaded hole” and is designated by a letter.
A tapped hole is often a complication. There is a wide range of variations between the sizes of threaded holes and nut threads, so the tapped hole is a critical dimension in many applications. However, even if you choose a threaded screw that meets the requisite tolerance, there may be a mismatch in the thread pitch. This can prevent the screw from freely rotating.